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Clinical Studies |
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- VAP Studies: This section contains a sample of the recent trials that utilized the VAP technology to assess treatment effects, disease outcomes, cost savings as well as predicting future adverse outcomes.
- Inflammation Markers: There have been numerous inflammatory markers that have emerged as clinically useful markers for the assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes risk. Within this section are select papers that highlight these some of the more robust markers focusing on hsCRP and LpPLA2 and their use in managing heart disease risk and reduction of adverse outcomes.
- Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Recently some former markers as well as some new markers have emerged as powerful tools to assess overall CVD and diabetes risk. As more and more publications emerge it is becoming more clear that CVD risk is a multi-factorial disease that crosses many different organ systems, most notably, the renal and hepatic systems. Also, it has been shown that monitoring myocardial stress with more sensitive markers such as NT-proBNP have proven to be effective at predicting patients who are at risk for developing CHF despite no clinical manifestations of the disease itself.
- Cholesterol: Historically having a "cholesterol" problem meant having an elevated LDL or total cholesterol level. Within the past 20 yrs it has been apparent that the routine cholesterol test, that estimates LDL cholesterol, has serious limitations in certain disease states, familial disorders as well as diabetes and with certain medications. Until now, with the availability of comprehensive lipid testing, many unique markers of CVD risk have remained elusive. This section highlights the more robust markers used daily in clinical practice to help determine and reduce CVD and diabetes risk.
- Secondary Targets and Emerging Risk Factors: Stated in the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) - Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) Guidelines, there markers of CVD risk that have been categorized as a secondary target of therapy or as emerging risk factors. Contained within the section is a brief review of key publications of these risk markers and their impact on CVD risk.
- Apolipoproteins: Recently several apolipoproteins have emerged as powerful makers of CVD risk. Most notably apoB, the functional apolipoprotein of nonHDL lipoproteins, and apoAI, the functional apolipoprotein of HDL, have emerged as solid markers of future CVD risk. Current publications have highlighted these CVD markers as useful tools along with LDL and nonHDL to better assess CVD risk in select patient groups, most notably in the cardiometabolic patient.
- LDL and HDL Subclasses: Because LDL and HDL do not exist as one discrete homogenous entity it is important to understand the role of the different subclasses in disease state management. It has been well documented that these markers not only determine risk but their presence also further determines therapeutic selection to reduce risk. Of particular importance LDL and HDL subclasses have remained a significant tool to determine CVD risk and therapeutic outcomes.
- Metabolic Syndrome: Within the past 10 years metabolic syndrome has emerged as a coequal partner with cigarette smoking in terms of CVD risk. Metabolic syndrome carries with it an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and a 5x risk increase for developing type 2 diabetes. There are several significant publications that help to further understand this disease state as well as how to best manage this risk with therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and pharmacological invention.
- PCOS: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome has been a difficult disorder to diagnose in women. It is characterized as an elevated insulin disorder with a set of unique characteristics that cause significant reduction in fertility as well as other hormonal problems. Understanding the cluster of different markers that are associated with PCOS including low HDL2, elevated triglycerides and small dense LDL helps clinicians better monitor and treat these patients to reduce its negative impact on women.
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"Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disease in U.S. Detailed lipid information from the VAP test can be very helpful to busy clinicians in their efforts to identify, treat and track the dyslipidemias which cause cardiovascular disease."
- Eliot A. Brinton, M.D., Director of the Metabolism Section of Cardiovascular Genetics, Director of the LDL Apheresis Center, and Associate Professor at the University of Utah School of Medicine |
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The Lipid Library
Clinical Studies